An international team of astrophysicists and cosmologists at various institutes including the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU) have submitted a set of five papers, measuring a value for the "clumpiness" of the universe's dark matter, known to cosmologists as S8, of 0.76, which aligns with values that other gravitational lensing surveys have found in looking at the relatively recent universe, but it does not align with the value of 0.83 derived from the cosmic microwave background, which dates back to the universe's origins when the universe was about 380,000 years old. Their results were uploaded to the arXiv pre-print server as a set of five papers on April 3.