Birds call forth a myriad of meanings in the Gilgameš Epic. Winged creatures convey abundance and revelry, enhance the narrative's soundscape, and foretell events in the story. In the article "Soundscapes, Portentous Calls, and Bird Symbolism in the Gilgameš Epic" published in the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Adam E. Miglio employs an intertextual analysis to examine the epic poem's avian literary motif.