Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), the hollies, is one of the largest and most characteristic woody dioecious genera in tropical and subtropical southwest China. Many species throughout the range of the genus have been used as sources of beverages and medicines, ornamentals, honey plants, dyes, timber, and other minor uses. Subspecific variation has been utilized in horticulture for the development of new cultivars and hybrids, but not yet in the huge market for holly beverages and medicines.